Identification
- Generic Name
- Pidolic acid
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB03088
- Background
Pidolic acid is a naturally occurring but little-studied amino acid derivative that can be formed enzymatically or non-enzymatically and participates as a biological intermediate with unique pharmacodynamics in various chemical pathways 4,7. Elevations of the acid in blood levels may be associated with problems of glutamine or glutathione metabolism 7. Pidolic acid, in general, is found in large quantities in brain tissue and other tissues in bound form, like skin 7.
There are currently little to no medicines available that are clinically approved or marketed for employing pidolic acid as an active ingredient for any particular formal indication. Although pidolic acid is included in some over-the-counter, non-prescription dietary supplements for the proposed purpose of facilitating cognitive or memory enhancement, most available research suggest exercising caution in their recommendation as much more research is necessary 1,2.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Investigational
- Structure
Structure for Pidolic acid (DB03088)
- Weight
- Average: 129.114
Monoisotopic: 129.042593095 - Chemical Formula
- C5H7NO3
- Synonyms
- (−)-2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid
- (S)-(−)-2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid
- (S)-pyroglutamic acid
- 5-L-oxoproline
- 5-oxo-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid
- 5-oxo-L-proline
- 5-Pyrrolidone-2-carboxylic acid
- Glutimic acid
- L-5-Pyrrolidone-2-carboxylic acid
- L-pyroglutamic acid
- L-pyrrolidone carboxylic acid
- PCA
- Pidolic acid
- Pyroglutamic acid
Pharmacology
- Indication
There is currently no clinically approved and/or marketed medicine that relies upon pidolic acid as an active ingredient for any formal therapeutic indication.
Although pidolic acid may be sold in a variety of non-prescription, over-the-counter dietary supplement products for cognitive or memory enhancement, there are many studies that suggest that such products or such supplementation do not elicit any kind of cognitive benefit to users 1,2. In fact, the general suggestion for any such pidolic acid product is to exercise caution in their recommendation as much more research is necessary 1.
Pidolic acid and sodium pidolic acid are, however, used to some extent in skin and hair conditioning agents owing to their humectant characteristics 9.
Reduce drug development failure ratesBuild, train, & validate machine-learning modelswith evidence-based and structured datasets.Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.- Associated Conditions
Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Prevention of Acne nos ••• ••••• Used in combination to treat Dry skin Combination Product in combination with: Lactic acid (DB04398) ••• ••• •••••••• - Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
Prevent Adverse Drug Events TodayTap into our Clinical API for life-saving information on contraindications & blackbox warnings, population restrictions, harmful risks, & more.Avoid life-threatening adverse drug events with our Clinical API- Pharmacodynamics
Pidolic acid is a naturally occurring but little-studied amino acid derivative that can be formed enzymatically or non-enzymatically and participates as a biological intermediate in various chemical pathways 4,7. Elevations of the acid in blood levels may be associated with problems of glutamine or glutathione metabolism 7. Pidolic acid, in general, is found in large quantities in brain tissue and other tissues in bound form, like skin 7.
Moreover, pidolic acid in high enough levels can act as an acidogen capable of inducing acidosis and a metabotoxin that can result in adverse health effects 7. Chronically elevated levels of pidolic acid are associated with at least five inborn errors of metabolism including 5-oxoprolinuria (where 5-oxoproline is otherwise known as pidolic acid), 5-oxoprolinase deficiency, glutathione synthetase deficiency, hawkinsinuria, and propionic acidemia 7. In particular, abnormally high levels of organic acids like pidolic acid in the blood, urine, brain, and/or other tissues results in general metabolic acidosis 7. Such acidosis generally occurs when arterial pH falls below 7.35 7. In infants, the initial symptoms of acidosis consist of poor feeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), and lack of energy 7. Eventually, acidosis and the symptoms of acidosis can lead to heart, liver, and kidney abnormalities, seizures, coma, and possibly even death 7. Many children who are afflicted with organic acidemias experience intellectual disability or delayed development. In adults, acidosis or acidemia is characterized by headaches, confusion, feeling tired, tremors, sleepiness, and seizures 7.
High levels of pidolic acid in the blood have also been demonstrated following acetaminophen overdose, causing an increased level of acidity called a high anion gap metabolic acidosis 5.
- Mechanism of action
Pidolic acid is an endogenous amino acid derivative where the free amino group of glutamic acid or glutamine cyclizes to generate a lactam 4,7. Subsequently it is also a metabolite in the glutathione cycle that is converted to glutamate by the enzyme 5-oxoprolinase 4,7. Moreover, N-terminal glutamic acid and glutamine residues can either spontaneously cyclize to become pidolic acid, or be enzymatically transformed by glutaminyl cyclases 4,7. In particular, this is ultimately a form of N-termini that is a challenge for N-terminal sequencing using Edman chemistry, which necessitates a free primary amino group that is not present in pidolic acid 4,7. Pyroglutamate aminopeptidase can restore a free N-terminus by cleaving off the pyroglutamate residue, however 4,7.
Additionally, pidolic acid and certain pidolic acid salts like calcium, magnesium, and potassium pidolic acid are sometimes used as skin or hair conditioning agents because of their humectant effects 9. In such humectant formulations, hydrophilic amine, hydroxyl, or even carboxyl groups possess high affinities for forming hydrogen bonds with molecules of water, allowing the hygroscopic formulations to attract and retain moisture in the air nearby through absorption, therefore drawing the water vapor into the formulation.
Target Actions Organism UAlpha-amylase 2B Not Available Humans UVascular endothelial growth factor A Not Available Humans UPancreatic alpha-amylase Not Available Humans UIg lambda-1 chain C regions Not Available Humans UIg lambda chain V-II region MGC Not Available Humans UTrefoil factor 2 Not Available Humans UCytochrome c2 Not Available Rhodopseudomonas palustris (strain ATCC BAA-98 / CGA009) UDisintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 28 Not Available Humans UEndo-1,4-beta-xylanase Not Available Bacillus agaradhaerens UDissimilatory copper-containing nitrite reductase Not Available Alcaligenes xylosoxydans xylosoxydans UKeratin-associated protein 5-2 Not Available Humans UOrexin Not Available Humans UC-C motif chemokine 8 Not Available Humans UCytochrome c' Not Available Alcaligenes xylosoxydans xylosoxydans - Absorption
In skin conditioning agents, it has been observed that the percutaneous absorption of 5, 10, and 20% sodium pidolic acid through human skin was 5.97, 6.78, and 5.89%, respectively 9.
- Volume of distribution
Readily available data regarding the volume of distribution of pidolic acid is not available.
- Protein binding
Readily available data regarding the protein binding of pidolic acid is not available.
- Metabolism
In living cells, various metabolic pathways involving pidolic acid exist: (a) glutamyl/glutaminyl (amino acid) n is converted to pyroglutamyl- (amino acid) n by glutaminyl cyclase, pyroglutamyl- (amino acid) n is then metabolised to pyroglutamic acid (pidolic acid) by pyroglutamyl peptidase; (b) via the gamma-Glutamyl cycle, gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase generates gamma-Glutamyl amino acid which is metabolised to pyroglutamic acid via gamma-Glutamyl cyclotransferase; (c) glutamate via gamma-Glutamylcysteine synthetase or Glutamine synthetase or Glutamate 5-kinase metabolism generates gamma-Glutamyl phosphate which itself can be converted to pyroglutamic acid; and (d) glutamate or glutamine can be non-enzymatically converted to pyroglutamic acid 8. Finally, pyroglutamic acid (or pidolic acid) itself is metabolized to glutamate via the 5-Oxoprolinase enzyme 8.
Hover over products below to view reaction partners
- Route of elimination
In the dog animal model, it was determined that 30% of an absorbed oral administration of pidolic acid was excreted unchanged in the urine and the remainder converted to urea 9.
- Half-life
Some studies have determined that the specific half-life of the N-terminal glutamic acid is about 9 months in a pH 4.1 buffer at 45 degrees Celsius 6.
- Clearance
Readily available data regarding the clearance of pidolic acid is not available.
- Adverse Effects
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High levels of pidolic acid in the blood can lead to 5-Oxoprolinuria, which can ultimately result in severe metabolic acidosis, hemolytic anaemia, or even central nervous system dysfunction 8.
- Pathways
Pathway Category gamma-Glutamyltranspeptidase Deficiency Disease gamma-Glutamyltransferase Deficiency Disease 5-Oxoprolinase Deficiency Disease Glutathione Metabolism Metabolic 5-Oxoprolinuria Disease Glutathione Synthetase Deficiency Disease - Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.Not Available
- Food Interactions
- No interactions found.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Product Ingredients
Ingredient UNII CAS InChI Key Magnesium pidolate V5PC588N7G 62003-27-4 JQAACYUZYRBHGG-QHTZZOMLSA-L Sodium pidolate 469OTG57A2 54571-67-4 CRPCXAMJWCDHFM-UHFFFAOYSA-M Zinc pidolate C32PQ86DH4 15454-75-8 OWVLYQRCCIEOPF-QHTZZOMLSA-L - Over the Counter Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Mag 2 Pwr 1.5gm/pck Powder 1.5 g / pck Oral Laboratoires Charton Laboratories 1990-12-31 1999-01-16 Canada 
- Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image 2% Salicylic Acid FACIAL CLEANSER Zinc pidolate (10 mg/236mL) + Azelaic acid (10 mg/236mL) + Glycerin (50 mg/236mL) + Kaolin (20 mg/236mL) + Salicylic acid (20 mg/236mL) Liquid Topical Volans Epic LLC 2023-04-06 Not applicable US 
Cleansing Foaming Gel Acne Pro Skin Zinc pidolate (.072 mg/120mg) + Orris (1.8 mg/120mg) + Salicylic acid (12 mg/120mg) Gel Topical Lange SAS 2012-07-18 Not applicable US Lacticare Lot Sodium pidolate (2.5 %) + Lactic acid (5 %) Lotion Topical Stiefel Laboratories, Inc. 1980-12-31 2003-02-17 Canada
Categories
- ATC Codes
- A12CC08 — Magnesium pidolate
- Drug Categories
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as alpha amino acids and derivatives. These are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately adjacent to the carboxylate group (alpha carbon), or a derivative thereof.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Organic acids and derivatives
- Class
- Carboxylic acids and derivatives
- Sub Class
- Amino acids, peptides, and analogues
- Direct Parent
- Alpha amino acids and derivatives
- Alternative Parents
- Pyrroline carboxylic acids / Cyclic carboximidic acids / Lactims / Propargyl-type 1,3-dipolar organic compounds / Monocarboxylic acids and derivatives / Carboxylic acids / Azacyclic compounds / Organopnictogen compounds / Organonitrogen compounds / Organic oxides show 2 more
- Substituents
- Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compound / Alpha-amino acid or derivatives / Azacycle / Carbonyl group / Carboxylic acid / Cyclic carboximidic acid / Hydrocarbon derivative / Lactim / Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives / Organic 1,3-dipolar compound show 11 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid, L-proline derivative, 5-oxoproline (CHEBI:18183) / Other amino acids (C01879)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- SZB83O1W42
- CAS number
- 98-79-3
- InChI Key
- ODHCTXKNWHHXJC-VKHMYHEASA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C5H7NO3/c7-4-2-1-3(6-4)5(8)9/h3H,1-2H2,(H,6,7)(H,8,9)/t3-/m0/s1
- IUPAC Name
- (2S)-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid
- SMILES
- OC(=O)[C@@H]1CCC(=O)N1
References
- Synthesis Reference
John G. Black, Ian R. Scott, "Pyroglutamic acid esters, their synthesis and use in topical products." U.S. Patent US4774255, issued December, 1974.
US4774255- General References
- McDougall GJ Jr, Austin-Wells V, Zimmerman T: Utility of nutraceutical products marketed for cognitive and memory enhancement. J Holist Nurs. 2005 Dec;23(4):415-33. doi: 10.1177/0898010105280097. [Article]
- Dellavecchia MJ: Inaccurate serelaxin chemical structure. P T. 2013 Dec;38(12):763. [Article]
- Schilling S, Wasternack C, Demuth HU: Glutaminyl cyclases from animals and plants: a case of functionally convergent protein evolution. Biol Chem. 2008 Aug;389(8):983-91. doi: 10.1515/BC.2008.111. [Article]
- Podell DN, Abraham GN: A technique for the removal of pyroglutamic acid from the amino terminus of proteins using calf liver pyroglutamate amino peptidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1978 Mar 15;81(1):176-85. [Article]
- Liss DB, Paden MS, Schwarz ES, Mullins ME: What is the clinical significance of 5-oxoproline (pyroglutamic acid) in high anion gap metabolic acidosis following paracetamol (acetaminophen) exposure? Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2013 Nov;51(9):817-27. doi: 10.3109/15563650.2013.844822. Epub 2013 Oct 11. [Article]
- Chelius D, Jing K, Lueras A, Rehder DS, Dillon TM, Vizel A, Rajan RS, Li T, Treuheit MJ, Bondarenko PV: Formation of pyroglutamic acid from N-terminal glutamic acid in immunoglobulin gamma antibodies. Anal Chem. 2006 Apr 1;78(7):2370-6. doi: 10.1021/ac051827k. [Article]
- HMDB: Pyroglutamic Acid Metabocard [Link]
- Pyroglutamic acid: throwing light on a lightly studied metabolite [Link]
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review: Safety Assessment of PCA and Its Salts as Used in Cosmetics [File]
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0000267
- KEGG Compound
- C01879
- PubChem Compound
- 7405
- PubChem Substance
- 46506886
- ChemSpider
- 7127
- 9036
- ChEBI
- 18183
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL397976
- ZINC
- ZINC000003598263
- PDBe Ligand
- PCA
- Wikipedia
- Pyroglutamic_acid
- PDB Entries
- 1a39 / 1a8j / 1aqk / 1ayj / 1b1i / 1b2w / 1b2y / 1b30 / 1b31 / 1b3v … show 856 more
- MSDS
- Download (47.7 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count 4 Completed Treatment Family History of Diabetes / Family History of Metabolic Syndrome 1 2 Terminated Treatment Hemoglobin SC Disease 2 1 Completed Treatment Sickle Cell Anemia 1
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Liquid Topical Gel Topical Lotion Topical Powder, for solution Oral 2.25 G Solution Oral 1.5 g Solution Oral 1.5 G/10ML Tablet, effervescent Oral 2.25 G Powder Oral 1.5 g / pck Powder, for solution Oral Solution Oral - Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 184.7 °C PhysProp water solubility 4.76E+005 mg/L (at 13 °C) BEILSTEIN - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 151.0 mg/mL ALOGPS logP -1 ALOGPS logP -0.89 Chemaxon logS 0.07 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 3.61 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) -2.2 Chemaxon Physiological Charge -1 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 3 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 2 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 66.4 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 1 Chemaxon Refractivity 28.09 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 11.56 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 1 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter No Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.844 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.9612 Caco-2 permeable - 0.7558 P-glycoprotein substrate Non-substrate 0.6844 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.9821 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.997 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.9233 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.8193 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.8251 CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.6317 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.9641 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9782 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9678 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9812 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9931 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.9973 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.9497 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.9744 Biodegradation Ready biodegradable 0.9363 Rat acute toxicity 2.0801 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9923 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.9791
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 123.737821 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 123.688121 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 123.773621 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 121.379196 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 124.381821 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 124.349121 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 124.379621 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 124.28709 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 124.361321 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 124.201421 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 124.304121 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 133.15773 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Not Available
- Specific Function
- Alpha-amylase activity
- Gene Name
- AMY2B
- Uniprot ID
- P19961
- Uniprot Name
- Alpha-amylase 2B
- Molecular Weight
- 57709.49 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor binding
- Specific Function
- Growth factor active in angiogenesis, vasculogenesis and endothelial cell growth. Induces endothelial cell proliferation, promotes cell migration, inhibits apoptosis and induces permeabilization of...
- Gene Name
- VEGFA
- Uniprot ID
- P15692
- Uniprot Name
- Vascular endothelial growth factor A
- Molecular Weight
- 27042.205 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Chloride ion binding
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- AMY2A
- Uniprot ID
- P04746
- Uniprot Name
- Pancreatic alpha-amylase
- Molecular Weight
- 57706.51 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Immunoglobulin receptor binding
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- IGLC1
- Uniprot ID
- P0CG04
- Uniprot Name
- Ig lambda-1 chain C regions
- Molecular Weight
- 11347.585 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Antigen binding
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- Not Available
- Uniprot ID
- P01709
- Uniprot Name
- Ig lambda chain V-II region MGC
- Molecular Weight
- 11557.51 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Not Available
- Specific Function
- Inhibits gastrointestinal motility and gastric acid secretion. Could function as a structural component of gastric mucus, possibly by stabilizing glycoproteins in the mucus gel through interactions...
- Gene Name
- TFF2
- Uniprot ID
- Q03403
- Uniprot Name
- Trefoil factor 2
- Molecular Weight
- 14284.12 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Rhodopseudomonas palustris (strain ATCC BAA-98 / CGA009)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Metal ion binding
- Specific Function
- Cytochrome c2 is found mainly in purple, non-sulfur, photosynthetic bacteria where it functions as the electron donor to the oxidized bacteriochlorophyll in the photophosphorylation pathway. Howeve...
- Gene Name
- cycA
- Uniprot ID
- P00091
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome c2
- Molecular Weight
- 14632.81 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function
- May play a role in the adhesive and proteolytic events that occur during lymphocyte emigration or may function in ectodomain shedding of lymphocyte surface target proteins, such as FASL and CD40L. ...
- Gene Name
- ADAM28
- Uniprot ID
- Q9UKQ2
- Uniprot Name
- Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 28
- Molecular Weight
- 87147.04 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Bacillus agaradhaerens
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Endo-1,4-beta-xylanase activity
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- Not Available
- Uniprot ID
- Q7SIE2
- Uniprot Name
- Endo-1,4-beta-xylanase
- Molecular Weight
- 23307.82 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Alcaligenes xylosoxydans xylosoxydans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Nitrite reductase (no-forming) activity
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- nir
- Uniprot ID
- O68601
- Uniprot Name
- Copper-containing nitrite reductase
- Molecular Weight
- 38939.295 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Not Available
- Specific Function
- In the hair cortex, hair keratin intermediate filaments are embedded in an interfilamentous matrix, consisting of hair keratin-associated protein (KRTAP), which are essential for the formation of a...
- Gene Name
- KRTAP5-2
- Uniprot ID
- Q701N4
- Uniprot Name
- Keratin-associated protein 5-2
- Molecular Weight
- 16270.68 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Not Available
- Specific Function
- Neuropeptides that play a significant role in the regulation of food intake and sleep-wakefulness, possibly by coordinating the complex behavioral and physiologic responses of these complementary h...
- Gene Name
- HCRT
- Uniprot ID
- O43612
- Uniprot Name
- Orexin
- Molecular Weight
- 13362.51 Da
References
- Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Protein kinase activity
- Specific Function
- Chemotactic factor that attracts monocytes, lymphocytes, basophils and eosinophils. May play a role in neoplasia and inflammatory host responses. This protein can bind heparin. The processed form M...
- Gene Name
- CCL8
- Uniprot ID
- P80075
- Uniprot Name
- C-C motif chemokine 8
- Molecular Weight
- 11246.24 Da
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Alcaligenes xylosoxydans xylosoxydans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Iron ion binding
- Specific Function
- Cytochrome c' is the most widely occurring bacterial c-type cytochrome. Cytochromes c' are high-spin proteins and the heme has no sixth ligand. Their exact function is not known.
- Gene Name
- Not Available
- Uniprot ID
- P00138
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome c'
- Molecular Weight
- 13628.35 Da
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Ligand
- General Function
- Chloride ion binding
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- AMY2A
- Uniprot ID
- P04746
- Uniprot Name
- Pancreatic alpha-amylase
- Molecular Weight
- 57706.51 Da
References
- Kabuto S, Ogawa T, Muramoto K, Oosthuizen V, Naude RJ: The amino acid sequence of pancreatic alpha-amylase from the ostrich, Struthio camelus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol. 2000 Dec;127(4):481-90. [Article]
- 3OLI: Structures Of Human Pancreatic Alpha-amylase In Complex With Acarviostatin Iv03 [Link]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at September 28, 2021 21:54