Identification
- Summary
Biotin is a B-complex vitamin found in many multivitamin products.
- Brand Names
- Concept Ob, Infuvite, Infuvite Pediatric, Irospan 24/6 Kit, Mvi Pediatric
- Generic Name
- Biotin
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB00121
- Background
A water-soluble, enzyme co-factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Investigational, Nutraceutical
- Structure
Structure for Biotin (DB00121)
- Weight
- Average: 244.311
Monoisotopic: 244.088163078 - Chemical Formula
- C10H16N2O3S
- Synonyms
- (+)-cis-Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno[3,4]imidazole-4-valeric acid
- (3aS,4S,6aR)-Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazole-4-valeric acid
- 5-(2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl)pentanoic acid
- Biotin
- Biotina
- Biotine
- Biotinum
- cis-(+)-Tetrahydro-2-oxothieno[3,4]imidazoline-4-valeric acid
- cis-Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno(3,4)imidazole-4-valeric acid
- cis-Tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid
- Coenzyme R
- D-(+)-biotin
- D-Biotin
- Vitamin B7
- Vitamin H
Pharmacology
- Indication
For nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalance.
Reduce drug development failure ratesBuild, train, & validate machine-learning modelswith evidence-based and structured datasets.Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.- Associated Conditions
Indication Type Indication Combined Product Details Approval Level Age Group Patient Characteristics Dose Form Used in combination to prevent Vitamin deficiency •••••••••••• ••••••••• - Associated Therapies
- Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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Biotin is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin which is composed of an ureido ring fused with a tetrahydrothiophene ring, which attaches a valeric acid substituent at one of its carbon atoms. Biotin is used in cell growth, the production of fatty acids, metabolism of fats, and amino acids. It plays a role in the Kreb cycle, which is the process in which energy is released from food. Biotin not only assists in various metabolic chemical conversions, but also helps with the transfer of carbon dioxide. Biotin is also helpful in maintaining a steady blood sugar level. Biotin is often recommended for strengthening hair and nails. Consequenty, it is found in many cosmetic and health products for the hair and skin. Biotin deficiency is a rare nutritional disorder caused by a deficiency of biotin. Initial symptoms of biotin deficiency include: Dry skin, Seborrheic dermatitis, Fungal infections, rashes including erythematous periorofacial macular rash, fine and brittle hair, and hair loss or total alopecia. If left untreated, neurological symptoms can develop, including mild depression, which may progress to profound lassitude and, eventually, to somnolence; changes in mental status, generalized muscular pains (myalgias), hyperesthesias and paresthesias. The treatment for biotin deficiency is to simply start taking some biotin supplements. A lack of biotin in infants will lead to a condition called seborrheic dermatitis or "cradle cap". Biotin deficiencies are extremely rare in adults but if it does occur, it will lead to anemia, depression, hair loss, high blood sugar levels, muscle pain, nausea, loss of appetite and inflamed mucous membranes.
- Mechanism of action
Biotin is necessary for the proper functioning of enzymes that transport carboxyl units and fix carbon dioxide, and is required for various metabolic functions, including gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, fatty acid biosynthesis, propionate metabolism, and catabolism of branched-chain amino acids.
Target Actions Organism UPropionyl-CoA carboxylase beta chain, mitochondrial cofactorHumans UBiotin--protein ligase substrateHumans UMethylcrotonoyl-CoA carboxylase beta chain, mitochondrial cofactorHumans UAcetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 cofactorHumans UMethylcrotonoyl-CoA carboxylase subunit alpha, mitochondrial cofactorHumans UPyruvate carboxylase, mitochondrial cofactorHumans UPropionyl-CoA carboxylase alpha chain, mitochondrial cofactorHumans UAcetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 cofactorHumans - Absorption
Systemic - approximately 50%
- Volume of distribution
Not Available
- Protein binding
Not Available
- Metabolism
Hover over products below to view reaction partners
- Route of elimination
Not Available
- Half-life
Not Available
- Clearance
Not Available
- Adverse Effects
Improve decision support & research outcomesWith structured adverse effects data, including: blackbox warnings, adverse reactions, warning & precautions, & incidence rates. View sample adverse effects data in our new Data Library!Improve decision support & research outcomes with our structured adverse effects data.- Toxicity
Prolonged skin contact may cause irritation.
- Pathways
- Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.Not Available
- Food Interactions
- Avoid dietary avidin (a glycoprotein in uncooked egg-whites). Avidin binds with biotin in the gastrointestinal tract preventing biotin absorption. Avidin is denatured by cooking; therefore, cooked egg whites do not reduce biotin absorption.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Product Images
- International/Other Brands
- Appearex / Biodermatin / Bioepiderm / Meribin / Nail-ex
- Brand Name Prescription Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Spai-sons Prolac-vit Liquid 0.01 mg/100mL Topical Spai Sons Pharmaceutical International Cosmetics 2012-08-06 Not applicable US 
- Over the Counter Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Acti-biotin 300 Caplet 300mcg Tablet 300 mcg Oral Acti Form Ltd. 1991-12-31 2005-03-21 Canada 
ASCE plus Scalp Care HRLV Powder 0.01 mg/20mg Topical Exocobio Inc. 2021-10-01 Not applicable US Biona-vit Controls and Prevents Hair Loss Liquid 0.01 mL/100mL Topical Spai Sons Pharmaceutical International Cosmetics 2012-06-30 Not applicable US Biotin 300 Mcg - Tablet Tablet 300 mcg Oral Health Wise Nutrition Inc. 1996-10-22 2002-07-18 Canada Biotin 300 Mcg Tablet Tablet 300 mcg Oral General Nutrition Canada Inc. 1997-04-18 2005-08-05 Canada - Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image 24 Multivitamins + Minerals Biotin (25 mcg) + Ascorbic acid (150 mg) + Beta carotene (10000 unit) + Calcium (130 mg) + Cholecalciferol (400 unit) + Choline bitartrate (25 mg) + Chromium (20 mcg) + Copper (1 mg) + Cyanocobalamin (25 mcg) + Ferrous fumarate (15 mg) + Folic acid (.8 mg) + Inositol (25 mg) + Magnesium (65 mg) + Manganese (2 mg) + Molybdenum (20 mcg) + Niacin (25 mg) + Calcium pantothenate (25 mg) + Potassium (15 mg) + Potassium Iodide (.1 mg) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (25 mg) + Racemethionine (25 mg) + Riboflavin (25 mg) + Selenium (20 mcg) + Thiamine hydrochloride (25 mg) + Vanadium (20 mcg) + Vitamin A palmitate (5000 unit) + Vitamin E (50 unit) + Zinc (10 mg) Tablet Oral Stanley Pharmaceuticals, A Division Of Vita Health Products Inc. 1997-04-30 2002-07-31 Canada 50 Plus Biotin (20 mcg) + Ascorbic acid (200 mg) + Choline bitartrate (20 mg) + Cyanocobalamin (20 mcg) + Folic acid (.2 mg) + Inositol (20 mg) + Niacin (20 mg) + Calcium pantothenate (20 mg) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (20 mg) + Racemethionine (20 mg) + Riboflavin (20 mg) + Thiamine hydrochloride (20 mg) + Vitamin A palmitate (10000 unit) + Vitamin D (400 unit) + Vitamin E (20 unit) Tablet Oral Quest Vitamins A Div Of Purity Life Health Products 1998-08-04 2001-07-06 Canada 50 Plus Multiple Vitamins & Minerals Biotin (45 mcg) + Ascorbic acid (90 mg) + Calcium (200 mg) + Cholecalciferol (400 unit) + Chromium (10 mcg) + Copper (2 mg) + Cyanocobalamin (25 mcg) + Folic acid (0.4 mg) + Magnesium (100 mg) + Manganese (5 mg) + Molybdenum (25 mcg) + Nicotinamide (40 mg) + Pantothenic acid (10 mg) + Potassium Iodide (0.15 mg) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (3 mg) + Riboflavin (3.2 mg) + Selenium (25 mcg) + Thiamine mononitrate (2.25 mg) + Vanadium (10 mcg) + Vitamin A palmitate (6000 unit) + Zinc (15 mg) Tablet Oral Gfr Pharma Ltd. 2002-10-20 2004-06-15 Canada 574H Cell Care Biotin (0.18 g/300mL) + Nicotinamide (0.9 g/300mL) + Panthenol (1.5 g/300mL) + Pyrithione zinc (3.0 g/300mL) Shampoo Topical Celino Inc. 2020-06-01 Not applicable US Adeks - Dps Biotin (15 mcg / mL) + Ascorbic acid (45 mg / mL) + Beta carotene (1 mg / mL) + Cyanocobalamin (4 mcg / mL) + Nicotinamide (6 mg / mL) + Panthenol (3 mg / mL) + Phylloquinone (0.1 mg / mL) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (0.6 mg / mL) + Riboflavin (0.6 mg / mL) + Thiamine (0.5 mg / mL) + Vitamin A palmitate (1500 unit / mL) + Vitamin D (400 unit / mL) + Vitamin E (40 unit / mL) + Zinc sulfate (5 mg / mL) Solution / drops Oral Axcan Pharma 1995-12-31 2007-10-01 Canada - Unapproved/Other Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image 574H Cell Care Biotin (0.18 g/300mL) + Nicotinamide (0.9 g/300mL) + Panthenol (1.5 g/300mL) + Pyrithione zinc (3.0 g/300mL) Shampoo Topical Celino Inc. 2020-06-01 Not applicable US Anti Hair Loss Biotin (0.06 g/100g) + Pyrithione zinc (2.1 g/100g) Soap Topical Golden B America, Llc. 2018-03-13 Not applicable US ASCE plus Scalp Care HRLV Biotin (0.01 mg/20mg) Powder Topical Exocobio Inc. 2021-10-01 Not applicable US Bacmin Biotin (150 ug/1) + Ascorbic acid (500 mg/1) + Chromium Cr-51 chloride (0.1 mg/1) + Cupric oxide (3 mg/1) + Cyanocobalamin (50 ug/1) + Ferrous fumarate (27 mg/1) + Flavone (50 mg/1) + Folic acid (1 mg/1) + Magnesium oxide (50 mg/1) + Manganese gluconate (5 mg/1) + Nicotinamide (100 mg/1) + Calcium pantothenate (25 mg/1) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (25 mg/1) + Riboflavin (20 mg/1) + Selenomethionine (50 ug/1) + Thiamine mononitrate (20 mg/1) + Vitamin A acetate (2000 [iU]/1) + Zinc oxide (22.5 mg/1) + alpha-Tocopherol acetate (30 [iU]/1) Tablet, coated Oral Marnel Pharmaceuticals, Llc 2000-04-01 Not applicable US Biona-vit Controls and Prevents Hair Loss Biotin (0.01 mL/100mL) Liquid Topical Spai Sons Pharmaceutical International Cosmetics 2012-06-30 Not applicable US
Categories
- ATC Codes
- A11HA05 — Biotin
- Drug Categories
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as biotin and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing a ureido (tetrahydroimidizalone) ring fused with a tetrahydrothiophene ring.
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Organoheterocyclic compounds
- Class
- Biotin and derivatives
- Sub Class
- Not Available
- Direct Parent
- Biotin and derivatives
- Alternative Parents
- Imidazolyl carboxylic acids and derivatives / Medium-chain fatty acids / Thia fatty acids / Heterocyclic fatty acids / Thiolanes / Imidazolines / Isoureas / Azacyclic compounds / Carboximidamides / Carboxylic acids show 7 more
- Substituents
- 2-imidazoline / Aliphatic heteropolycyclic compound / Azacycle / Biotin / Carbonyl group / Carboximidamide / Carboxylic acid / Carboxylic acid derivative / Dialkylthioether / Fatty acid show 18 more
- Molecular Framework
- Aliphatic heteropolycyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- biotins (CHEBI:15956) / Water-soluble vitamins (C00120)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 6SO6U10H04
- CAS number
- 58-85-5
- InChI Key
- YBJHBAHKTGYVGT-ZKWXMUAHSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C10H16N2O3S/c13-8(14)4-2-1-3-7-9-6(5-16-7)11-10(15)12-9/h6-7,9H,1-5H2,(H,13,14)(H2,11,12,15)/t6-,7-,9-/m0/s1
- IUPAC Name
- 5-[(3aS,4S,6aR)-2-oxo-hexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl]pentanoic acid
- SMILES
- [H][C@]12CS[C@@H](CCCCC(O)=O)[C@@]1([H])NC(=O)N2
References
- Synthesis Reference
Takayoshi Mitsunaga, Kiyoto Chinushi, Tadashi Umezu, "Water-soluble biotin-containing preparation." U.S. Patent US4277488, issued May, 1940.
US4277488- General References
- Holmberg A, Blomstergren A, Nord O, Lukacs M, Lundeberg J, Uhlen M: The biotin-streptavidin interaction can be reversibly broken using water at elevated temperatures. Electrophoresis. 2005 Feb;26(3):501-10. [Article]
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0000030
- KEGG Drug
- D00029
- KEGG Compound
- C00120
- PubChem Compound
- 171548
- PubChem Substance
- 46508694
- ChemSpider
- 149962
- BindingDB
- 12
- 1588
- ChEBI
- 15956
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL857
- ZINC
- ZINC000035024346
- PharmGKB
- PA448625
- PDBe Ligand
- BTN
- Drugs.com
- Drugs.com Drug Page
- PDRhealth
- PDRhealth Drug Page
- Wikipedia
- Biotin
- PDB Entries
- 1avd / 1bdo / 1bib / 1df8 / 1f27 / 1hxd / 1kqs / 1luq / 1mep / 1mk5 … show 112 more
- MSDS
- Download (71.9 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count 4 Completed Treatment Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathic Pain (DPN) 1 4 Terminated Treatment Myocardial Stunning 1 4 Unknown Status Treatment Hyperuricemia 1 3 Active Not Recruiting Treatment Moderate Persistent Asthma 1 3 Recruiting Treatment Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF) 1
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- 21st Century Healthcare Inc.
- Amend
- Ivax Pharmaceuticals
- Magno-Humphries Laboratories
- Mason Distributors
- Mckesson Corp.
- Medisca Inc.
- Merz Pharmaceuticals LLC
- Nutrition 21 Inc.
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Tablet Oral 300 mcg Tablet, chewable Oral 2500 ug/1 Soap Topical Solution Intravenous 1.914 mg Solution Oral Tablet, delayed release Oral Tablet Oral Granule, effervescent 20 MG Granule, effervescent 5 MG Injection, solution 5 MG/1ML Tablet Oral 5 MG Liquid Topical 0.01 mL/100mL Tablet Oral 500 mcg Capsule Oral 500 mcg / cap Tablet, extended release Oral 1 mg / tab Capsule, liquid filled Oral 2500 ug/1 Tablet Oral 250 mcg Tablet Oral 300 mcg / tab Liquid Topical 0.002 mL/1mL Shampoo Topical Injection, powder, for solution Intramuscular; Intravenous Injection, powder, for solution Parenteral Injection, solution Intramuscular; Intravenous Injection, powder, for solution Intravenous Tablet Oral 5 mcg / tab Tablet, film coated Tablet Capsule Injection, solution Powder Topical Liquid Topical Tablet, chewable Oral Powder Topical 0.01 mg/20mg Solution / drops Oral Tablet, extended release Oral Cream Topical 0.1 g/100g Liquid Topical 0.0001 g/100mL Shampoo Topical 0.06 mL/100mL Solution Topical 0.06 mL/100mL Kit; tablet; tablet, film coated Oral Tablet, effervescent Oral Injection, solution, concentrate; kit Intravenous Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Intravenous Kit Intravenous Spray Topical Solution Intravenous Syrup Oral Liquid Intravenous Capsule Oral Capsule, liquid filled Oral Tablet, orally disintegrating Oral Gum, chewing Oral Powder Injection, solution; kit Intravenous Injection, solution Intravenous Capsule, liquid filled; kit; tablet, coated Oral Capsule, gelatin coated Oral Pill Oral Liquid Oral Liquid; tablet Oral Powder, for solution Intravenous Solution Parenteral Injection, powder, for solution Intravenous 100 mg Liquid Topical 0.01 mg/100mL Cream Topical 0.1 g/10g Cream Topical 0.07 g/0.7g Syrup Capsule, extended release Oral Powder, for solution Intramuscular; Intravenous Powder, for solution Oral Injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution Intramuscular; Intravenous Tablet, film coated Oral Tablet, coated Oral Tablet Oral Kit Oral Powder Oral Tablet, film coated 0.6 mg Tablet Oral 1 mg Tablet Oral 0.6 mg Capsule Oral 0.6 mg - Prices
Unit description Cost Unit Biotin powder 14.69USD g D-biotin powder 12.0USD g Diachrome capsule 0.29USD capsule Appearex 2.5 mg tablet 0.26USD tablet Stress b tablet 0.1USD tablet Stress 600 tablet 0.08USD tablet Biotin 800 mcg tablet 0.06USD tablet Biotin 300 mcg tablet 0.03USD tablet DrugBank does not sell nor buy drugs. Pricing information is supplied for informational purposes only.- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 232 dec °C PhysProp water solubility 220 mg/L (at 25 °C) MERCK INDEX (1996) logP 0.5 Not Available - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 1.22 mg/mL ALOGPS logP 0.17 ALOGPS logP 0.32 Chemaxon logS -2.3 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) 4.4 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) -1.9 Chemaxon Physiological Charge -1 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 3 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 3 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 78.43 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 5 Chemaxon Refractivity 60.05 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 24.92 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 2 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter Yes Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.7395 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.9383 Caco-2 permeable - 0.7206 P-glycoprotein substrate Substrate 0.6413 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.9561 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 1.0 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.8803 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.7602 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.7872 CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.6911 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.9046 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9252 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9231 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9025 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.8959 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.9762 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.9133 Carcinogenicity Non-carcinogens 0.9598 Biodegradation Not ready biodegradable 0.8923 Rat acute toxicity 2.0581 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Weak inhibitor 0.9596 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.9145
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Download (9.84 KB)
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 160.6796407 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 147.4872583 predictedDarkChem Standard v0.1.0 [M-H]- 159.3883407 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 160.8116407 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 155.1844407 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 155.23927 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 160.1954407 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 159.8638407 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 159.3677407 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 160.0886407 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 155.8402407 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 157.59727 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 159.8999407 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 159.7918407 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 158.3839407 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 160.0666407 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 164.49681 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
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- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Cofactor
- General Function
- Propionyl-coa carboxylase activity
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- PCCB
- Uniprot ID
- P05166
- Uniprot Name
- Propionyl-CoA carboxylase beta chain, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 58215.13 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Vlasova TI, Stratton SL, Wells AM, Mock NI, Mock DM: Biotin deficiency reduces expression of SLC19A3, a potential biotin transporter, in leukocytes from human blood. J Nutr. 2005 Jan;135(1):42-7. [Article]
- Cherbonnel-Lasserre CL, Linares-Cruz G, Rigaut JP, Sabatier L, Dutrillaux B: Strong decrease in biotin content may correlate with metabolic alterations in colorectal adenocarcinoma. Int J Cancer. 1997 Sep 4;72(5):768-75. [Article]
- Ishii M, Chuakrut S, Arai H, Igarashi Y: Occurrence, biochemistry and possible biotechnological application of the 3-hydroxypropionate cycle. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2004 Jun;64(5):605-10. Epub 2004 Feb 28. [Article]
- Hassan YI, Zempleni J: Epigenetic regulation of chromatin structure and gene function by biotin. J Nutr. 2006 Jul;136(7):1763-5. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Enzyme binding
- Specific Function
- Post-translational modification of specific protein by attachment of biotin. Acts on various carboxylases such as acetyl-CoA-carboxylase, pyruvate carboxylase, propionyl CoA carboxylase, and 3-meth...
- Gene Name
- HLCS
- Uniprot ID
- P50747
- Uniprot Name
- Biotin--protein ligase
- Molecular Weight
- 80759.345 Da
References
- Velazquez-Arellano A: From an inborn error patient to a search for regulatory meaning: a biotin conducted voyage. Mol Genet Metab. 2006 Mar;87(3):194-7. Epub 2005 Dec 15. [Article]
- Hassan YI, Zempleni J: Epigenetic regulation of chromatin structure and gene function by biotin. J Nutr. 2006 Jul;136(7):1763-5. [Article]
- Camporeale G, Giordano E, Rendina R, Zempleni J, Eissenberg JC: Drosophila melanogaster holocarboxylase synthetase is a chromosomal protein required for normal histone biotinylation, gene transcription patterns, lifespan, and heat tolerance. J Nutr. 2006 Nov;136(11):2735-42. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Cofactor
- General Function
- Methylcrotonoyl-coa carboxylase activity
- Specific Function
- Carboxyltransferase subunit of the 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA to 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA, a critical step for leucine and isova...
- Gene Name
- MCCC2
- Uniprot ID
- Q9HCC0
- Uniprot Name
- Methylcrotonoyl-CoA carboxylase beta chain, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 61332.65 Da
References
- Santoro N, Brtva T, Roest SV, Siegel K, Waldrop GL: A high-throughput screening assay for the carboxyltransferase subunit of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Anal Biochem. 2006 Jul 1;354(1):70-7. Epub 2006 May 3. [Article]
- de Queiroz MS, Waldrop GL: Modeling and numerical simulation of biotin carboxylase kinetics: implications for half-sites reactivity. J Theor Biol. 2007 May 7;246(1):167-75. Epub 2006 Dec 28. [Article]
- Ludke A, Kramer R, Burkovski A, Schluesener D, Poetsch A: A proteomic study of Corynebacterium glutamicum AAA+ protease FtsH. BMC Microbiol. 2007 Jan 25;7:6. [Article]
- Jitrapakdee S, Surinya KH, Adina-Zada A, Polyak SW, Stojkoski C, Smyth R, Booker GW, Cleland WW, Attwood PV, Wallace JC: Conserved Glu40 and Glu433 of the biotin carboxylase domain of yeast pyruvate carboxylase I isoenzyme are essential for the association of tetramers. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2007;39(11):2120-34. Epub 2007 Jun 27. [Article]
- Hassan YI, Zempleni J: Epigenetic regulation of chromatin structure and gene function by biotin. J Nutr. 2006 Jul;136(7):1763-5. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Cofactor
- General Function
- Metal ion binding
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the ATP-dependent carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA. Carries out three functions: biotin carboxyl carrier protein, biotin carboxylase and carboxyltransferase. Involved in inhibit...
- Gene Name
- ACACB
- Uniprot ID
- O00763
- Uniprot Name
- Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2
- Molecular Weight
- 276538.575 Da
References
- Liu Y, Zalameda L, Kim KW, Wang M, McCarter JD: Discovery of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase 2 inhibitors: comparison of a fluorescence intensity-based phosphate assay and a fluorescence polarization-based ADP Assay for high-throughput screening. Assay Drug Dev Technol. 2007 Apr;5(2):225-35. [Article]
- Hassan YI, Zempleni J: Epigenetic regulation of chromatin structure and gene function by biotin. J Nutr. 2006 Jul;136(7):1763-5. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Cofactor
- General Function
- Methylcrotonoyl-coa carboxylase activity
- Specific Function
- Biotin-attachment subunit of the 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA to 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA, a critical step for leucine and isovale...
- Gene Name
- MCCC1
- Uniprot ID
- Q96RQ3
- Uniprot Name
- Methylcrotonoyl-CoA carboxylase subunit alpha, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 80472.45 Da
References
- Friebel D, von der Hagen M, Baumgartner ER, Fowler B, Hahn G, Feyh P, Heubner G, Baumgartner MR, Hoffmann GF: The first case of 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase (MCC) deficiency responsive to biotin. Neuropediatrics. 2006 Apr;37(2):72-8. [Article]
- Hassan YI, Zempleni J: Epigenetic regulation of chromatin structure and gene function by biotin. J Nutr. 2006 Jul;136(7):1763-5. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Cofactor
- General Function
- Pyruvate carboxylase activity
- Specific Function
- Pyruvate carboxylase catalyzes a 2-step reaction, involving the ATP-dependent carboxylation of the covalently attached biotin in the first step and the transfer of the carboxyl group to pyruvate in...
- Gene Name
- PC
- Uniprot ID
- P11498
- Uniprot Name
- Pyruvate carboxylase, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 129632.565 Da
References
- Liu L, Li Y, Zhu Y, Du G, Chen J: Redistribution of carbon flux in Torulopsis glabrata by altering vitamin and calcium level. Metab Eng. 2007 Jan;9(1):21-9. Epub 2006 Aug 12. [Article]
- Ferreira G, Weiss WP: Effect of biotin on activity and gene expression of biotin-dependent carboxylases in the liver of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2007 Mar;90(3):1460-6. [Article]
- Jitrapakdee S, Surinya KH, Adina-Zada A, Polyak SW, Stojkoski C, Smyth R, Booker GW, Cleland WW, Attwood PV, Wallace JC: Conserved Glu40 and Glu433 of the biotin carboxylase domain of yeast pyruvate carboxylase I isoenzyme are essential for the association of tetramers. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2007;39(11):2120-34. Epub 2007 Jun 27. [Article]
- Jitrapakdee S, Adina-Zada A, Besant PG, Surinya KH, Cleland WW, Wallace JC, Attwood PV: Differential regulation of the yeast isozymes of pyruvate carboxylase and the locus of action of acetyl CoA. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2007;39(6):1211-23. Epub 2007 Mar 30. [Article]
- Ozimek PZ, Klompmaker SH, Visser N, Veenhuis M, van der Klei IJ: The transcarboxylase domain of pyruvate carboxylase is essential for assembly of the peroxisomal flavoenzyme alcohol oxidase. FEMS Yeast Res. 2007 Oct;7(7):1082-92. Epub 2007 Feb 20. [Article]
- Hassan YI, Zempleni J: Epigenetic regulation of chromatin structure and gene function by biotin. J Nutr. 2006 Jul;136(7):1763-5. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Cofactor
- General Function
- Propionyl-coa carboxylase activity
- Specific Function
- Not Available
- Gene Name
- PCCA
- Uniprot ID
- P05165
- Uniprot Name
- Propionyl-CoA carboxylase alpha chain, mitochondrial
- Molecular Weight
- 80058.295 Da
References
- Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [Article]
- Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [Article]
- Clavero S, Martinez MA, Perez B, Perez-Cerda C, Ugarte M, Desviat LR: Functional characterization of PCCA mutations causing propionic acidemia. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2002 Nov 20;1588(2):119-25. [Article]
- Cherbonnel-Lasserre CL, Linares-Cruz G, Rigaut JP, Sabatier L, Dutrillaux B: Strong decrease in biotin content may correlate with metabolic alterations in colorectal adenocarcinoma. Int J Cancer. 1997 Sep 4;72(5):768-75. [Article]
- Vlasova TI, Stratton SL, Wells AM, Mock NI, Mock DM: Biotin deficiency reduces expression of SLC19A3, a potential biotin transporter, in leukocytes from human blood. J Nutr. 2005 Jan;135(1):42-7. [Article]
- Hassan YI, Zempleni J: Epigenetic regulation of chromatin structure and gene function by biotin. J Nutr. 2006 Jul;136(7):1763-5. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Cofactor
- General Function
- Metal ion binding
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the rate-limiting reaction in the biogenesis of long-chain fatty acids. Carries out three functions: biotin carboxyl carrier protein, biotin carboxylase and carboxyltransferase.
- Gene Name
- ACACA
- Uniprot ID
- Q13085
- Uniprot Name
- Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1
- Molecular Weight
- 265551.725 Da
References
- Bilder P, Lightle S, Bainbridge G, Ohren J, Finzel B, Sun F, Holley S, Al-Kassim L, Spessard C, Melnick M, Newcomer M, Waldrop GL: The structure of the carboxyltransferase component of acetyl-coA carboxylase reveals a zinc-binding motif unique to the bacterial enzyme. Biochemistry. 2006 Feb 14;45(6):1712-22. [Article]
- Brownsey RW, Boone AN, Elliott JE, Kulpa JE, Lee WM: Regulation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Biochem Soc Trans. 2006 Apr;34(Pt 2):223-7. [Article]
- Aoki H, Kimura K, Igarashi K, Takenaka A: Soy protein suppresses gene expression of acetyl-coA carboxylase alpha from promoter PI in rat liver. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2006 Apr;70(4):843-9. [Article]
- Santoro N, Brtva T, Roest SV, Siegel K, Waldrop GL: A high-throughput screening assay for the carboxyltransferase subunit of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Anal Biochem. 2006 Jul 1;354(1):70-7. Epub 2006 May 3. [Article]
- Leonard E, Lim KH, Saw PN, Koffas MA: Engineering central metabolic pathways for high-level flavonoid production in Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007 Jun;73(12):3877-86. Epub 2007 Apr 27. [Article]
- Hassan YI, Zempleni J: Epigenetic regulation of chromatin structure and gene function by biotin. J Nutr. 2006 Jul;136(7):1763-5. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Inducer
- General Function
- Oxygen binding
- Specific Function
- Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally un...
- Gene Name
- CYP1B1
- Uniprot ID
- Q16678
- Uniprot Name
- Cytochrome P450 1B1
- Molecular Weight
- 60845.33 Da
References
- Rodriguez-Melendez R, Griffin JB, Zempleni J: Biotin supplementation increases expression of the cytochrome P450 1B1 gene in Jurkat cells, increasing the occurrence of single-stranded DNA breaks. J Nutr. 2004 Sep;134(9):2222-8. [Article]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Sodium-dependent multivitamin transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Transports pantothenate, biotin and lipoate in the presence of sodium.
- Gene Name
- SLC5A6
- Uniprot ID
- Q9Y289
- Uniprot Name
- Sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter
- Molecular Weight
- 68641.27 Da
References
- Grafe F, Wohlrab W, Neubert RH, Brandsch M: Transport of biotin in human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol. 2003 Mar;120(3):428-33. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12058.x. [Article]
- Camporeale G, Zempleni J, Eissenberg JC: Susceptibility to heat stress and aberrant gene expression patterns in holocarboxylase synthetase-deficient Drosophila melanogaster are caused by decreased biotinylation of histones, not of carboxylases. J Nutr. 2007 Apr;137(4):885-9. [Article]
- Reidling JC, Said HM: Regulation of the human biotin transporter hSMVT promoter by KLF-4 and AP-2: confirmation of promoter activity in vivo. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2007 Apr;292(4):C1305-12. Epub 2006 Nov 29. [Article]
- Janoria KG, Hariharan S, Paturi D, Pal D, Mitra AK: Biotin uptake by rabbit corneal epithelial cells: role of sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter (SMVT). Curr Eye Res. 2006 Oct;31(10):797-809. [Article]
- Luo S, Kansara VS, Zhu X, Mandava NK, Pal D, Mitra AK: Functional characterization of sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter in MDCK-MDR1 cells and its utilization as a target for drug delivery. Mol Pharm. 2006 May-Jun;3(3):329-39. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Symporter activity
- Specific Function
- Acts as an electrogenic sodium (Na(+)) and chloride (Cl-)-dependent sodium-coupled solute transporter, including transport of monocarboxylates (short-chain fatty acids including L-lactate, D-lactat...
- Gene Name
- SLC5A8
- Uniprot ID
- Q8N695
- Uniprot Name
- Sodium-coupled monocarboxylate transporter 1
- Molecular Weight
- 66577.005 Da
References
- Daberkow RL, White BR, Cederberg RA, Griffin JB, Zempleni J: Monocarboxylate transporter 1 mediates biotin uptake in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Nutr. 2003 Sep;133(9):2703-6. doi: 10.1093/jn/133.9.2703. [Article]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at February 20, 2024 23:55