Identification
- Summary
Taurine is an ingredient found in mixture products indicated for nutritional support.
- Brand Names
- Aminosyn-PF 7%, Premasol, Primene, Trophamine 10 %
- Generic Name
- Taurine
- DrugBank Accession Number
- DB01956
- Background
Taurine, whose chemical name is 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, is one of the most abundant amino acids in several organs. It plays important role in essential biological processes.1 This conditional amino acid can be either be manufactured by the body or obtained in the diet mainly by the consumption of fish and meat.8 The supplements containing taurine were FDA approved by 1984 and they are hypertonic injections composed by cristalline amino acids.Label
- Type
- Small Molecule
- Groups
- Approved, Nutraceutical
- Structure
Structure for Taurine (DB01956)
- Weight
- Average: 125.147
Monoisotopic: 125.014663785 - Chemical Formula
- C2H7NO3S
- Synonyms
- Aminoethylsulfonic acid
- Taurine
- Taurineold
- External IDs
- FEMA NO. 3813
Pharmacology
- Indication
The use of diet supplements containing taurine is indicated for the nutritional support of infants and young pediatric patients requiring total parenteral nutrition via central or peripheral routes. The usage of diet supplements containing taurine prevents nitrogen and weight loss or to treat negative nitrogen balance in pediatric patients where the alimentary tract cannot be done through oral, gastrostomy or jejunostomy administration, there is impaired gastrointestinal absorption or protein requirements are substantially increased.Label
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- Contraindications & Blackbox Warnings
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The diet supplements containing taurine are formulated as a well-tolerated nitrogen source for nutritional support. Administration of diet supplements regulates the level of plasma amino acid concentration, nitrogen balance, weight and serum protein concentration to reach normal values, thus improving the nutritional status.Label
- Mechanism of action
The diet supplements containing taurine function by replacing the missing nutriments in the body. Taurine, as a single agent, presents different functions like substrate for formation of bile salts, cell volume regulation, modulation of intracellular calcium, cytoprotection of central nervous system, etc.2
Target Actions Organism AGlutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B inhibitorHumans AGlycine receptor subunit alpha-2 agonistHumans AGlycine receptor subunit alpha-3 agonistHumans AGABA(A) Receptor agonistHumans AGamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1 agonistHumans UGlycine receptor subunit alpha-1 agonistHumans UAlpha-ketoglutarate-dependent taurine dioxygenase Not Available Escherichia coli (strain K12) UCholoylglycine hydrolase Not Available Clostridium perfringens (strain 13 / Type A) - Absorption
Oral administration of taurine was studied and it reported dose-dependent values of AUC, Cmax and tmax wherein a dose of 1-30 mg/kg ranged from 89-3452 mcg min/L, 2-15.7 mcg min/ml and 15 min respectively.3 Further studies in healthy individuals gave an AUC, Cmax and tmax in the range of 116-284.5 mg h/L, 59-112.6 mg/L and 1-2.5 h.4
- Volume of distribution
The distribution of taurine was studied under the two-compartment model and each one of the compartments gave a range for the volume of distribution of 299-353 ml/kg in compartment 1 and 4608-8374 ml/kg in compartment 2 in mice.3 Further studies in healthy indivudals gave a volume of distribution that ranged from 19.8 to 40.7 L.4
- Protein binding
Taurine is highly bound to plasma proteins and retained in the plasma fraction.6
- Metabolism
Taurine can be metabolized by diverse organisms to form different types of metabolites derived from the original form of taurine. In the human, the pathways that form the metabolism of taurine are divided in the formation of 5-glutamyl-taurine by the action of the enzyme gamma-glutamyltransferase 6 or the formation of taurocholate by the action of the bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase.9
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- Route of elimination
Taurine flows and gets distributed in veins and arteries and reports have observed the presence of a significant released of taurine in portally drained viscera, thus suggesting that the main elimination route of taurine is by the gut. This elimination route may be explained by the enterohepatic cycle of taurine.5
- Half-life
Oral administration of taurine in healthy individuals gave a plasma elimination half-life that ranged from 0.7-1.4 h.4
- Clearance
The clearance rate of orally administered taurine was reported to be dose-dependent wherein a dose of 1 mg/kg it presents a clearance rate of 11.7 ml min/kg, 10 mg/kg generates a clearance rate of 18.7 ml min/kg and a dose of 30 mg/kg reports a clearance rate of 9.4 ml min/kg.3 Further studies in healthy individuals generate a clearance rate that ranged from 14 to 34.4 L/h.4
- Adverse Effects
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The administration of taurine has been correlatefd to significant in the hypothalamus and the modification of neuroendocrine functions. Other than that, taurine administration in regular doses is reported by different articles and institutions to be safe.7
- Pathways
Pathway Category Zellweger Syndrome Disease Taurine and Hypotaurine Metabolism Metabolic Congenital Bile Acid Synthesis Defect Type II Disease 27-Hydroxylase Deficiency Disease Bile Acid Biosynthesis Metabolic Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis (CTX) Disease Familial Hypercholanemia (FHCA) Disease Congenital Bile Acid Synthesis Defect Type III Disease - Pharmacogenomic Effects/ADRs
- Not Available
Interactions
- Drug Interactions
- This information should not be interpreted without the help of a healthcare provider. If you believe you are experiencing an interaction, contact a healthcare provider immediately. The absence of an interaction does not necessarily mean no interactions exist.Not Available
- Food Interactions
- No interactions found.
Products
Drug product information from 10+ global regionsOur datasets provide approved product information including:dosage, form, labeller, route of administration, and marketing period.Access drug product information from over 10 global regions.- Over the Counter Products
Name Dosage Strength Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Lingtea Powder 1 g/100g Oral Linger Water 2018-06-25 Not applicable US 
- Mixture Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image AMINOMIX Taurine (0.5 g/1000ml) + Acetic acid (4.5 g/1000ml) + Alanine (7 g/1000ml) + Arginine (6 g/1000ml) + Calcium chloride dihydrate (0.294 g/100ml) + Dextrose, unspecified form (120 g/100ml) + Glycine (5.5 g/1000ml) + Histidine (1.5 g/1000ml) + Hydrochloric acid (1.47 ml) + Isoleucine (2.5 g/1000ml) + Leucine (3.7 g/1000ml) + Lysine (3.3 g/1000ml) + Magnesium chloride hexahydrate (0.61 g/100ml) + Methionine (2.15 g/1000ml) + Phenylalanine (2.55 g/1000ml) + Potassium cation (30 mmol/l) + Potassium hydroxide (1.981 g/100ml) + Proline (5.6 g/1000ml) + Serine (3.25 g/1000ml) + Sodium cation (50 mmol/l) + Sodium chloride (1.169 g/100ml) + Sodium glycerophosphate hydrate (4.59 g/1000ml) + Threonine (2.2 g/1000ml) + Tryptophan (1 g/1000ml) + Tyrosine (0.2 g/1000ml) + Valine (3.1 g/1000ml) + Zinc chloride (0.00545 g/100ml) Injection, solution Intravenous Fresenius Kabi Italia S.R.L. 2014-07-08 Not applicable Italy 
AMINOMIX Taurine (0.5 g/1000ml) + Acetic acid (4.5 g/1000ml) + Alanine (7 g/1000ml) + Arginine (6 g/1000ml) + Calcium chloride dihydrate (0.294 g/100ml) + Dextrose, unspecified form (200 g/100ml) + Glycine (5.5 g/1000ml) + Histidine (1.5 g/1000ml) + Hydrochloric acid (1.47 ml) + Isoleucine (2.5 g/1000ml) + Leucine (3.7 g/1000ml) + Lysine (3.3 g/1000ml) + Magnesium chloride hexahydrate (0.61 g/100ml) + Methionine (2.15 g/1000ml) + Phenylalanine (2.55 g/1000ml) + Potassium cation (30 mmol/l) + Potassium hydroxide (1.981 g/100ml) + Proline (5.6 g/1000ml) + Serine (3.25 g/1000ml) + Sodium cation (50 mmol/l) + Sodium chloride (1.169 g/100ml) + Sodium glycerophosphate hydrate (4.59 g/1000ml) + Threonine (2.2 g/1000ml) + Tryptophan (1 g/1000ml) + Tyrosine (0.2 g/1000ml) + Valine (3.1 g/1000ml) + Zinc chloride (0.00545 g/100ml) Injection, solution Intravenous Fresenius Kabi Italia S.R.L. 2014-07-08 Not applicable Italy AMINOMIX Taurine (0.5 g/1000ml) + Acetic acid (4.5 g/1000ml) + Alanine (7 g/1000ml) + Arginine (6 g/1000ml) + Calcium chloride dihydrate (0.294 g/100ml) + Dextrose, unspecified form (120 g/100ml) + Glycine (5.5 g/1000ml) + Histidine (1.5 g/1000ml) + Hydrochloric acid (1.47 ml) + Isoleucine (2.5 g/1000ml) + Leucine (3.7 g/1000ml) + Lysine (3.3 g/1000ml) + Magnesium chloride hexahydrate (0.61 g/100ml) + Methionine (2.15 g/1000ml) + Phenylalanine (2.55 g/1000ml) + Potassium cation (30 mmol/l) + Potassium hydroxide (1.981 g/100ml) + Proline (5.6 g/1000ml) + Serine (3.25 g/1000ml) + Sodium cation (50 mmol/l) + Sodium chloride (1.169 g/100ml) + Sodium glycerophosphate hydrate (4.59 g/1000ml) + Threonine (2.2 g/1000ml) + Tryptophan (1 g/1000ml) + Tyrosine (0.2 g/1000ml) + Valine (3.1 g/1000ml) + Zinc chloride (0.00545 g/100ml) Injection, solution Intravenous Fresenius Kabi Italia S.R.L. 2014-07-08 Not applicable Italy AMINOMIX Taurine (0.5 g/1000ml) + Acetic acid (4.5 g/1000ml) + Alanine (7 g/1000ml) + Arginine (6 g/1000ml) + Calcium chloride dihydrate (0.294 g/100ml) + Dextrose, unspecified form (120 g/100ml) + Glycine (5.5 g/1000ml) + Histidine (1.5 g/1000ml) + Hydrochloric acid (1.47 ml) + Isoleucine (2.5 g/1000ml) + Leucine (3.7 g/1000ml) + Lysine (3.3 g/1000ml) + Magnesium chloride hexahydrate (0.61 g/100ml) + Methionine (2.15 g/1000ml) + Phenylalanine (2.55 g/1000ml) + Potassium cation (30 mmol/l) + Potassium hydroxide (1.981 g/100ml) + Proline (5.6 g/1000ml) + Serine (3.25 g/1000ml) + Sodium cation (50 mmol/l) + Sodium chloride (1.169 g/100ml) + Sodium glycerophosphate hydrate (4.59 g/1000ml) + Threonine (2.2 g/1000ml) + Tryptophan (1 g/1000ml) + Tyrosine (0.2 g/1000ml) + Valine (3.1 g/1000ml) + Zinc chloride (0.00545 g/100ml) Injection, solution Intravenous Fresenius Kabi Italia S.R.L. 2014-07-08 Not applicable Italy AMINOMIX Taurine (0.5 g/1000ml) + Acetic acid (4.5 g/1000ml) + Alanine (7 g/1000ml) + Arginine (6 g/1000ml) + Calcium chloride dihydrate (0.294 g/100ml) + Dextrose, unspecified form (200 g/100ml) + Glycine (5.5 g/1000ml) + Histidine (1.5 g/1000ml) + Hydrochloric acid (1.47 ml) + Isoleucine (2.5 g/1000ml) + Leucine (3.7 g/1000ml) + Lysine (3.3 g/1000ml) + Magnesium chloride hexahydrate (0.61 g/100ml) + Methionine (2.15 g/1000ml) + Phenylalanine (2.55 g/1000ml) + Potassium cation (30 mmol/l) + Potassium hydroxide (1.981 g/100ml) + Proline (5.6 g/1000ml) + Serine (3.25 g/1000ml) + Sodium cation (50 mmol/l) + Sodium chloride (1.169 g/100ml) + Sodium glycerophosphate hydrate (4.59 g/1000ml) + Threonine (2.2 g/1000ml) + Tryptophan (1 g/1000ml) + Tyrosine (0.2 g/1000ml) + Valine (3.1 g/1000ml) + Zinc chloride (0.00545 g/100ml) Injection, solution Intravenous Fresenius Kabi Italia S.R.L. 2014-07-08 Not applicable Italy - Unapproved/Other Products
Name Ingredients Dosage Route Labeller Marketing Start Marketing End Region Image Ginsamin Energy Taurine (1000 mg/20g) + Ascorbic acid (1000 mg/20g) + Creatine (10000 mg/20g) + Ginkgo biloba (160 mg/20g) + Ginseng (200 mg/20g) Liquid Oral Biogrand Co., Ltd 2010-03-07 Not applicable US Lingtea Taurine (1 g/100g) Powder Oral Linger Water 2018-06-25 Not applicable US Primene Taurine (0.15 g/250mL) + Alanine (2 g/250mL) + Arginine (2.1 g/250mL) + Aspartic acid (1.5 g/250mL) + Cysteine (0.47 g/250mL) + Glutamic acid (2.5 g/250mL) + Glycine (1 g/250mL) + Histidine (0.95 g/250mL) + Isoleucine (1.675 g/250mL) + Leucine (2.5 g/250mL) + Lysine (2.75 g/250mL) + Methionine (0.6 g/250mL) + Ornithine hydrochloride (0.8 g/250mL) + Phenylalanine (1.05 g/250mL) + Proline (0.75 g/250mL) + Serine (1 g/250mL) + Threonine (0.9 g/250mL) + Tryptophan (0.5 g/250mL) + Tyrosine (0.11 g/250mL) + Valine (1.9 g/250mL) Injection, solution Intravenous Baxter Healthcare Corporation 2017-11-22 2019-05-31 US Tozal Taurine (400 mg/31) + Ascorbic acid (452 mg/31) + Cholecalciferol (1000 [iU]/31) + Copper (1.6 mg/31) + Cyanocobalamin (100 ug/31) + Folic acid (1 mg/31) + Lutein (15 mg/31) + Omega-3 fatty acids (600 mg/31) + Pyridoxine hydrochloride (20 mg/31) + Vitamin A palmitate (10000 [iU]/31) + Vitamin E (200 [iU]/31) + Zeaxanthin (3 mg/31) + Zinc picolinate (40 mg/31) Capsule, gelatin coated Oral Focus Laboratories, Inc. 2013-06-01 2015-07-15 US
Categories
- Drug Categories
- Chemical TaxonomyProvided by Classyfire
- Description
- This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as organosulfonic acids. These are compounds containing the sulfonic acid group, which has the general structure RS(=O)2OH (R is not a hydrogen atom).
- Kingdom
- Organic compounds
- Super Class
- Organic acids and derivatives
- Class
- Organic sulfonic acids and derivatives
- Sub Class
- Organosulfonic acids and derivatives
- Direct Parent
- Organosulfonic acids
- Alternative Parents
- Sulfonyls / Alkanesulfonic acids / Organopnictogen compounds / Organic oxides / Monoalkylamines / Hydrocarbon derivatives
- Substituents
- Aliphatic acyclic compound / Alkanesulfonic acid / Amine / Hydrocarbon derivative / Organic nitrogen compound / Organic oxide / Organic oxygen compound / Organonitrogen compound / Organopnictogen compound / Organosulfonic acid
- Molecular Framework
- Aliphatic acyclic compounds
- External Descriptors
- amino sulfonic acid (CHEBI:15891)
- Affected organisms
- Humans and other mammals
Chemical Identifiers
- UNII
- 1EQV5MLY3D
- CAS number
- 107-35-7
- InChI Key
- XOAAWQZATWQOTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- InChI
- InChI=1S/C2H7NO3S/c3-1-2-7(4,5)6/h1-3H2,(H,4,5,6)
- IUPAC Name
- 2-aminoethane-1-sulfonic acid
- SMILES
- NCCS(O)(=O)=O
References
- General References
- Olson JE, Martinho E Jr: Regulation of taurine transport in rat hippocampal neurons by hypo-osmotic swelling. J Neurochem. 2006 Mar;96(5):1375-89. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03652.x. [Article]
- Ripps H, Shen W: Review: taurine: a "very essential" amino acid. Mol Vis. 2012;18:2673-86. Epub 2012 Nov 12. [Article]
- Nielsen CU, Bjerg M, Ulaganathan N, Holm R: Oral and intravenous pharmacokinetics of taurine in sprague-dawley rats: the influence of dose and the possible involvement of the proton-coupled amino acid transporter, PAT1, in oral taurine absorption. Physiol Rep. 2017 Oct;5(19). pii: 5/19/e13467. doi: 10.14814/phy2.13467. Epub 2017 Oct 16. [Article]
- Ghandforoush-Sattari M, Mashayekhi S, Krishna CV, Thompson JP, Routledge PA: Pharmacokinetics of oral taurine in healthy volunteers. J Amino Acids. 2010;2010:346237. doi: 10.4061/2010/346237. Epub 2010 Jun 29. [Article]
- van Stijn MF, Vermeulen MA, Siroen MP, Wong LN, van den Tol MP, Ligthart-Melis GC, Houdijk AP, van Leeuwen PA: Human taurine metabolism: fluxes and fractional extraction rates of the gut, liver, and kidneys. Metabolism. 2012 Jul;61(7):1036-40. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2011.12.005. Epub 2012 Feb 2. [Article]
- Tang DQ, Li YJ, Li Z, Bian TT, Chen K, Zheng XX, Yu YY, Jiang SS: Study on the interaction of plasma protein binding rate between edaravone and taurine in human plasma based on HPLC analysis coupled with ultrafiltration technique. Biomed Chromatogr. 2015 Aug;29(8):1137-45. doi: 10.1002/bmc.3401. Epub 2014 Dec 26. [Article]
- Mantovani J, DeVivo DC: Effects of taurine on seizures and growth hormone release in epileptic patients. Arch Neurol. 1979 Nov;36(11):672-4. [Article]
- FDA GRAS [Link]
- KEGG metabolism [Link]
- External Links
- Human Metabolome Database
- HMDB0000251
- KEGG Drug
- D00047
- KEGG Compound
- C00245
- PubChem Compound
- 1123
- PubChem Substance
- 46506189
- ChemSpider
- 1091
- BindingDB
- 50357220
- 10337
- ChEBI
- 507393
- ChEMBL
- CHEMBL239243
- ZINC
- ZINC000003809490
- PharmGKB
- PA451590
- Guide to Pharmacology
- GtP Drug Page
- PDBe Ligand
- TAU
- Wikipedia
- Taurine
- PDB Entries
- 1gqw / 1gy9 / 1os7 / 1otj / 2bjf / 2bz1 / 3uyw / 3v39 / 4fcf / 4foq … show 15 more
- FDA label
- Download (176 KB)
- MSDS
- Download (47.7 KB)
Clinical Trials
- Clinical Trials
Phase Status Purpose Conditions Count 4 Completed Diagnostic Hand Skill, Relative 1 4 Completed Treatment Cirrhosis of the Liver / Portal Hypertension 1 4 Completed Treatment Fatigue 1 4 Recruiting Prevention Intestinal Obstruction / Ischemia, Mesenteric / Laparotomy 1 4 Terminated Supportive Care Cancer-related Malnutrition 1
Pharmacoeconomics
- Manufacturers
- Not Available
- Packagers
- Not Available
- Dosage Forms
Form Route Strength Solution Parenteral Injection, solution Intravenous Injection Intravenous 11.000 g/1000ml Solution Intravenous 18.5 g/L Injection Intravenous 5.5 g/1000ml Syrup Oral Tablet, chewable Oral Liquid Oral Tablet Oral Capsule Oral 500 mg Powder Oral 1 g/100g Injection, emulsion Parenteral Emulsion Intravenous Emulsion Intravenous 0.466 g Injection Intravenous Injection Intravenous 4 g/l Liquid Intravenous Capsule Oral Emulsion Intravenous 13.000 g Emulsion Parenteral 42.00 g Injection, emulsion Intravenous 14 g/1000ml Injection, emulsion Intravenous Emulsion Parenteral Capsule, gelatin coated Oral Solution Intravenous - Prices
- Not Available
- Patents
- Not Available
Properties
- State
- Solid
- Experimental Properties
Property Value Source melting point (°C) 300 °C 'MSDS' boiling point (°C) It decomposes before reaching boiling point (325ºC) O'Neil, MJ. The Merxk Index. (2013) water solubility 65 g/L in cold water 'MSDS' pKa 1.5 Dawson et al. Data for Biochemical Research. 3 ed. (1986) - Predicted Properties
Property Value Source Water Solubility 105.0 mg/mL ALOGPS logP -2.2 ALOGPS logP -2.6 Chemaxon logS -0.08 ALOGPS pKa (Strongest Acidic) -1.5 Chemaxon pKa (Strongest Basic) 9.34 Chemaxon Physiological Charge 0 Chemaxon Hydrogen Acceptor Count 4 Chemaxon Hydrogen Donor Count 2 Chemaxon Polar Surface Area 80.39 Å2 Chemaxon Rotatable Bond Count 2 Chemaxon Refractivity 24.61 m3·mol-1 Chemaxon Polarizability 10.82 Å3 Chemaxon Number of Rings 0 Chemaxon Bioavailability 1 Chemaxon Rule of Five Yes Chemaxon Ghose Filter No Chemaxon Veber's Rule No Chemaxon MDDR-like Rule No Chemaxon - Predicted ADMET Features
Property Value Probability Human Intestinal Absorption + 0.6511 Blood Brain Barrier + 0.7419 Caco-2 permeable - 0.6272 P-glycoprotein substrate Non-substrate 0.8245 P-glycoprotein inhibitor I Non-inhibitor 0.878 P-glycoprotein inhibitor II Non-inhibitor 0.9704 Renal organic cation transporter Non-inhibitor 0.8833 CYP450 2C9 substrate Non-substrate 0.8835 CYP450 2D6 substrate Non-substrate 0.8043 CYP450 3A4 substrate Non-substrate 0.7015 CYP450 1A2 substrate Non-inhibitor 0.9165 CYP450 2C9 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9217 CYP450 2D6 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9331 CYP450 2C19 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9215 CYP450 3A4 inhibitor Non-inhibitor 0.9763 CYP450 inhibitory promiscuity Low CYP Inhibitory Promiscuity 0.9712 Ames test Non AMES toxic 0.9133 Carcinogenicity Carcinogens 0.6212 Biodegradation Ready biodegradable 0.7666 Rat acute toxicity 1.4296 LD50, mol/kg Not applicable hERG inhibition (predictor I) Strong inhibitor 0.5873 hERG inhibition (predictor II) Non-inhibitor 0.8162
Spectra
- Mass Spec (NIST)
- Not Available
- Spectra
- Chromatographic Properties
Collision Cross Sections (CCS)
Adduct CCS Value (Å2) Source type Source [M-H]- 117.3864659 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 124.2561512 predictedDarkChem Standard v0.1.0 [M-H]- 117.2537659 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 117.3287659 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M-H]- 128.31456 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+H]+ 117.8453659 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 117.7491659 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 117.8168659 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 117.6118659 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+H]+ 131.11516 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019) [M+Na]+ 117.2398659 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 117.3399659 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 117.2428659 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 117.1094659 predictedDarkChem Lite v0.1.0 [M+Na]+ 139.17418 predictedDeepCCS 1.0 (2019)
Targets
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- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Inhibitor
- General Function
- Zinc ion binding
- Specific Function
- NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate-gated ion channels with high calcium permeability and voltage-dependent sensitivity to magnesium. Mediated by glycine. In concert with DAPK1 at extrasynaptic site...
- Gene Name
- GRIN2B
- Uniprot ID
- Q13224
- Uniprot Name
- Glutamate receptor ionotropic, NMDA 2B
- Molecular Weight
- 166365.885 Da
References
- Chan CY, Singh I, Magnuson H, Zohaib M, Bakshi KP, Le Francois B, Anazco-Ayala A, Lee EJ, Tom A, YeeMon K, Ragnauth A, Friedman E, Banerjee SP: Taurine Targets the GluN2b-Containing NMDA Receptor Subtype. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2015;803:531-44. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-15126-7_43. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Transmitter-gated ion channel activity
- Specific Function
- The glycine receptor is a neurotransmitter-gated ion channel. Binding of glycine to its receptor increases the chloride conductance and thus produces hyperpolarization (inhibition of neuronal firing).
- Gene Name
- GLRA2
- Uniprot ID
- P23416
- Uniprot Name
- Glycine receptor subunit alpha-2
- Molecular Weight
- 52001.585 Da
References
- Guide to pharmacology [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Transmitter-gated ion channel activity
- Specific Function
- The glycine receptor is a neurotransmitter-gated ion channel. Binding of glycine to its receptor increases the chloride conductance and thus produces hyperpolarization (inhibition of neuronal firing).
- Gene Name
- GLRA3
- Uniprot ID
- O75311
- Uniprot Name
- Glycine receptor subunit alpha-3
- Molecular Weight
- 53799.775 Da
References
- Guide to pharmacology [Link]
- Kind
- Protein group
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Inhibitory extracellular ligand-gated ion channel activity
- Specific Function
- Component of the heteropentameric receptor for GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain. Functions also as histamine receptor and mediates cellular responses to histamine...
Components:
References
- Kilb W, Fukuda A: Taurine as an Essential Neuromodulator during Perinatal Cortical Development. Front Cell Neurosci. 2017 Oct 24;11:328. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00328. eCollection 2017. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Yes
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- G-protein coupled gaba receptor activity
- Specific Function
- Component of a heterodimeric G-protein coupled receptor for GABA, formed by GABBR1 and GABBR2. Within the heterodimeric GABA receptor, only GABBR1 seems to bind agonists, while GABBR2 mediates coup...
- Gene Name
- GABBR1
- Uniprot ID
- Q9UBS5
- Uniprot Name
- Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1
- Molecular Weight
- 108319.4 Da
References
- Kilb W, Fukuda A: Taurine as an Essential Neuromodulator during Perinatal Cortical Development. Front Cell Neurosci. 2017 Oct 24;11:328. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00328. eCollection 2017. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Actions
- Agonist
- General Function
- Transmitter-gated ion channel activity
- Specific Function
- The glycine receptor is a neurotransmitter-gated ion channel. Binding of glycine to its receptor increases the chloride conductance and thus produces hyperpolarization (inhibition of neuronal firing).
- Gene Name
- GLRA1
- Uniprot ID
- P23415
- Uniprot Name
- Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1
- Molecular Weight
- 52623.35 Da
References
- Jensen AA, Kristiansen U: Functional characterisation of the human alpha1 glycine receptor in a fluorescence-based membrane potential assay. Biochem Pharmacol. 2004 May 1;67(9):1789-99. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Escherichia coli (strain K12)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- General Function
- Taurine dioxygenase activity
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the conversion of taurine and alpha ketoglutarate to sulfite, aminoacetaldehyde and succinate. Required for the utilization of taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) as an alternative sulfu...
- Gene Name
- tauD
- Uniprot ID
- P37610
- Uniprot Name
- Alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent taurine dioxygenase
- Molecular Weight
- 32409.26 Da
References
- Eichhorn E, van der Ploeg JR, Kertesz MA, Leisinger T: Characterization of alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent taurine dioxygenase from Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem. 1997 Sep 12;272(37):23031-6. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Clostridium perfringens (strain 13 / Type A)
- Pharmacological action
- Unknown
- Curator comments
- Though not fully elucidated, there appears to be some substrate specificity for the taurine moiety.
- General Function
- Choloylglycine hydrolase activity
- Specific Function
- The enzyme catalyzes the degradation of conjugated bile acids in the mammalian gut.
- Gene Name
- cbh
- Uniprot ID
- P54965
- Uniprot Name
- Choloylglycine hydrolase
- Molecular Weight
- 37185.0 Da
References
- Ridlon JM, Kang DJ, Hylemon PB: Bile salt biotransformations by human intestinal bacteria. J Lipid Res. 2006 Feb;47(2):241-59. doi: 10.1194/jlr.R500013-JLR200. Epub 2005 Nov 18. [Article]
Enzymes
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase activity
- Specific Function
- Catalyzes the cross-linking of proteins and the conjugation of polyamines to proteins.
- Gene Name
- TGM6
- Uniprot ID
- O95932
- Uniprot Name
- Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase 6
- Molecular Weight
- 79311.745 Da
References
- KEGG metabolism [Link]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Very long chain acyl-coa hydrolase activity
- Specific Function
- Involved in bile acid metabolism. In liver hepatocytes catalyzes the second step in the conjugation of C24 bile acids (choloneates) to glycine and taurine before excretion into bile canaliculi. The...
- Gene Name
- BAAT
- Uniprot ID
- Q14032
- Uniprot Name
- Bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase
- Molecular Weight
- 46298.865 Da
References
- KEGG metabolism [Link]
Transporters
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- L-proline transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Neutral amino acid/proton symporter. Has a pH-dependent electrogenic transport activity for small amino acids such as glycine, alanine and proline. Besides small apolar L-amino acids, it also recog...
- Gene Name
- SLC36A1
- Uniprot ID
- Q7Z2H8
- Uniprot Name
- Proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1
- Molecular Weight
- 53075.045 Da
References
- Nielsen CU, Bjerg M, Ulaganathan N, Holm R: Oral and intravenous pharmacokinetics of taurine in sprague-dawley rats: the influence of dose and the possible involvement of the proton-coupled amino acid transporter, PAT1, in oral taurine absorption. Physiol Rep. 2017 Oct;5(19). pii: 5/19/e13467. doi: 10.14814/phy2.13467. Epub 2017 Oct 16. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Sodium-dependent taurine and beta-alanine transporter. Chloride ions are necessary for optimal uptake.
- Specific Function
- Amino acid transmembrane transporter activity
- Gene Name
- SLC6A6
- Uniprot ID
- P31641
- Uniprot Name
- Sodium- and chloride-dependent taurine transporter
- Molecular Weight
- 69829.405 Da
References
- Nielsen CU, Bjerg M, Ulaganathan N, Holm R: Oral and intravenous pharmacokinetics of taurine in sprague-dawley rats: the influence of dose and the possible involvement of the proton-coupled amino acid transporter, PAT1, in oral taurine absorption. Physiol Rep. 2017 Oct;5(19). pii: 5/19/e13467. doi: 10.14814/phy2.13467. Epub 2017 Oct 16. [Article]
- Kind
- Protein
- Organism
- Humans
- Pharmacological action
- No
- Actions
- Substrate
- General Function
- Proton-dependent oligopeptide secondary active transmembrane transporter activity
- Specific Function
- Proton-coupled intake of oligopeptides of 2 to 4 amino acids with a preference for dipeptides. May constitute a major route for the absorption of protein digestion end-products.
- Gene Name
- SLC15A1
- Uniprot ID
- P46059
- Uniprot Name
- Solute carrier family 15 member 1
- Molecular Weight
- 78805.265 Da
References
- FDA GRAS [Link]
Drug created at June 13, 2005 13:24 / Updated at February 21, 2021 18:51